Stonewall Riots Sparked The Gay Revolution By David Carter

Sexual acts between members of the same sex were specifically illegal, and cops would bait homosexuals to see if they were interested in such acts. Professionals who were found to be homosexuals lost their licenses. Homosexuality was a diagnosable psychiatric illness. A consensual homosexual act could get even life imprisonment, and a risk of castration. The book I choose to review is Stonewall: The riots that sparked the gay revolution by David Carter. It was published by St. Martin’s Press, with a copyright date of 2004. I bought the book at Half-price Books for $6.99 My book’s topic was the Stonewall riots in New York. The Stonewall riots were a series of impulsive, violent protests by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, located in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They are widely considered to have established the single most significant ev ent leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for gay rights in the United States. Very few places welcomed openly gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often bars. The Stonewall Inn was owned by the Mafia. It catered to a mixture of patrons and was known to be popular among the poorest and most ostracized people in the gay community. Police routinely raided the gay bars in the 1960s, but police quickly lost control of the situation at the Stonewall Inn. They attracted aShow MoreRelatedHistorical Impact of The Stonewall Riots in Stonewall Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesHistorian David Carter, provides an intriguing in-depth look into the historical impact of the Stonewall Riots in Stonewall: The Riots that Sparked the Gay Revolution. This engaging book adds to the genre of sexual orientation discrimination. Carter extensively analyzes the various factors that played a role in igniting the Stonewall riots and the historical impact that the riots had on the Gay Revolution and movement for gay equality. Through the use of interviews, newspapers, and maps, Carter arguesRead MoreThe Stonewall Riots Of 19692040 Words   |  9 PagesYork City Stonewall Riots of 1969, concerning their influence on the rise of the modern gay rights movement, specifically regarding political emergence, social unity, and demographic shifts. The investigation will attempt to answer the following question: To what extent were the Stonewall Riots of 1969 a catalyst for the LGBT social movement in America? Two sources, â€Å"Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth† by Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage, and Stonewall: the Riots That SparkedRead MoreStonewall : The Riots That Sparked The Gay Revolution1428 Words   |  6 PagesWhen you think of gay rights, you probably think of parades and rainbows. The 21st century LGBT movement has become known for its message of equality for all, and other human liberties such as same-sex marriage. This progress has been very important, and has been fought for over 40 years with a lot of blood sweat and tears. But often this fight is overlooked, or dismissed as being unimportant. Gay marriage was just legalized on a national level in June 26 2015. This means that gay people have beenRead MoreCounterculture Movement Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagesturbulent time in history where the â€Å"baby-boomer† generation decided that they were not happy with what was going on around them, and decided to rebel from the tra ditional beliefs held by the older generations. Let It Be, Strawberry Fields Forever, Revolution, and many other songs by the British rock band, The Beatles, helped shape the counterculture movement. Many songs by The Beatles supported the ideas of rebellion, freedom and drug use. The Beatles were the most popular musical group in the 1960sRead MoreGay Marriage: Moral or Immoral?2203 Words   |  9 PagesRUNNING HEAD: GAY MARRIAGE 1 Gay Marriage Moral or Immoral? William Hadley SOC 1120: Intro. to Ethics and Social Responsibility Christine Villasenor July 11, 2011 Ashford University GAY MARRIAGE 2 Marriage has been an important institution throughout the centuries. In the United States, most adults are marriedRead MoreHomosexuality and University Press5666 Words   |  23 Pagesmales or between females. Gay refers to self-identification with such practices and desires, like homosexual, both terms mostly used only for men. Lesbian is its female counterpart. Such definitions have run into major problems, and nowadays the concept â€Å"queer† is used to indicate the fluency of sexual practices and gender performances. Sociological context Since the 1970s, homosexuality has become the topic of an interdisciplinary specialization variously called gay and lesbian, queer or LGBTRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesCommunity in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape

The Diversity Strategies Of The U.s. Department Of...

The target of this research is to explore the diversity strategies of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) with the objective of supporting its efficacy. Accordingly, this paper organizes this exploration into three correlating sections, the first of which introduces an overview of the Office of Diversity and Inclusion (ODI) within the VA. In addition, this area summarizes the ODI installation of the VA diversity plan. This leads to the second exploration section, which outlines specific focus areas of the VA diversity plan as defined in the Standard University Publication: Best Practices for Managing Organizational Diversity (2007). The third and final segment offers a concluding synopsis along with recommendations for†¦show more content†¦Keywords: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Office of Diversity and Inclusion, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, Pew Research Center, U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Office of Per sonnel Management U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ Diversity Plan Analysis At present, the diverse composition of the United States Veteran population is disproportionate to that of the total United States populace composition. To be sure, in an examination of one aspect of diversity (race and ethnicity), the contrasting data is compelling. According to the Pew Research Center (PRC), the percentage of racially diverse population in the United States is 36% and is on an upward trajectory. In fact, by the year 2065, our U.S. population will no longer have a dominant racial or ethnic group (2015). On the contrary, according to the National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics (NCVAS), the current percentage of racially diverse veterans is approximately 20% and will eventually reach 36%, though not until after 2040 (2010). As such, if proactive measures are not immediately put into action to address this latency, veteran diversity will not achieve parity as it’s significantly lagging behind the racially diverse levels of the nation (refer to Appendices â€Å"C† and â€Å"D† respectively, for PRC and NCVAS

Racial Profiling Against Minorities Police Enforcement

Racial profiling against minorities Police enforcement targeting minorities based on the color of their skin and not by evidence of unlawful doing is racial profiling. Today, racial profiling among law enforcement has become a controversial topic throughout the nation. A recent event in Ferguson, Missouri, Michael Brown, an unarmed black teen, was shot and killed by a white police officer. The shooting caused major racial tension among the black community and mistrust in police. Michael’s death has lead to weeks of protest in which the officers responded with tear gas and rubber bullets and curfews for citizens. It’s wrong to target an individual due to the color of their skin, however, racial profiling is a procedure used by law enforcement regularly. This study focuses on racial profiling, how race and ethnicity play a major role in police stops and how it’s caused a major distrust in police. The studies expose racial profiling being used on racial minority groups in traffic stops, tasers use, based on assumptions that may be false. Higgins et al.’s (2012) evaluated traffic stop data and theories’ to identify if race had an influence on who was being searched. Researchers expect that Blacks will be searched more than Whites and the theory will make a connection between race and searches. The Louisiana police department conducted the study through the use of scantrons. Officers who made traffic stops in the year 2002 completed the forms that were reviewed by supervisorsShow MoreRelatedEssay On Racial Profiling1514 Words   |  7 PagesRacial profiling is a very important issue that individuals in society face every day. This problem occurs in low income or poverty-stricken areas throughout cities and communities across the nation. Hundreds of anecdotal testimonials allege that law enforcement officials at all levels of government are infringing upon the constitutional rights and civil liberties of racial and ethnic minorities through a practice called â€Å"racial profiling (Ward, 2002). So what i s racial profiling? According to theRead MoreRacial Profiling by Police Must Stop Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesof 1963. At the same time Birmingham Police Commissioner Bull Connor used powerful fire hoses and vicious police attack dogs against nonviolent black civil rights activists. Although these years proved to be the highlight and downfall of civil rights in America, even with the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act being passed, time has repeated these tumultuous events again in the present. Racial profiling has been one of many civil rights issuesRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Black Communities1220 Words   |  5 PagesRacial Profiling and the many Problems that Arise from It Racial profiling is still an ongoing issue that occurs and such an issue has led to many problems for the minority groups of this country. Whether it be African Americans, Indians, Asians, Mexicans, or Muslims, all have faced profiling at some point in time. The problems caused by this controversial subject include the impending distrust between black communities and law enforcement, unfair treatment towards all minorities by law enforcementRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Racial Profiling1418 Words   |  6 Pagestopics is racial profiling. For centuries, America has looked down and discriminated minorities and it still continues today. It began when minorities started to immigrate to America in search of better lives. Most whites believed in white supremacy and thought minorities were aliens. The police use racial profiling mostly towards minority groups. Racial profiling is the use of race or a skin color to suspect someone of doing an offense. While some people think that racial profiling is beneficialRead MoreRacial Profiling And The Civil War On Drugs Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesFor as long as I can remember, there have always been numerous instances of civil injustices being committed against African American drivers stemming all the way back to the Rodney King Incident in 1991 to as recently as 2015 when a woman was wrongfully arrested in Texas for driving while black. Many people would argue that it is the war on drugs that has caused law enforcement to continually abuse their power, but in actuality the war on drugs is not even specifically targeting narcotics anymoreRead More Racial Profiling by Police Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagesof our lives, including media, culture, and even the legal system. The police are there to protect and serve the community. Racial profiling has prevented police from serving all the community, because in their minds it has been segregated. This has often been disregarded while in reality, racial profiling has corrupted society’s perception of groups of people, especially in law enforcement. On our nations highways, police ostensibly looking for thugs and criminals routinely stop drivers basedRead MorePolice Brutality Based On Racial Profiling1682 Words   |  7 Pagessociety views law enforcement officers as heroic and honorable individuals, whose main purpose is to protect and serve the community. For many officers, this description is accurate, however for others; violence and brutality against innocent citizens is the key to getting the job done. For years, minorities have fallen victim to police brutality based on racial profiling, stereotypes and other unjustifiable reasons that has cost several innocent lives. The involvement of offic ers in police brutality againstRead MoreRacial Profiling And Racial Segregation1255 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of racial profiling is one of the most pressing issues facing the contemporary society of America. Historically, law enforcement has a heritage of racially motivated legislation - from slave codes, black codes, to other oppressive practices targeted at the populations of minorities. The present-day relationship between minorities and the police has been consequently influenced by such historical trends of discrimination. Recent events reflect the policing strategy of racial profiling where minoritiesRead MoreRacial Profiling : An Issue Longstanding And Troubling Among Minority Groups913 Words   |  4 PagesNixon 1 Jada Nixon Dr. Hunte ENC 101 30 September 2015 Racial Profiling Introduction Since the birth of our nation, racial profiling has been an issue longstanding and troubling among minority groups and still continues to exhibit severe consequences in communities. Racial profiling can be defined, according to the American Civil Liberties Union, as the discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials [or security personnel] of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individualRead MoreThe Effect Of Legal Factors On Police Behavior1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe police during police-citizens encounters are based on legal factors. However, smaller studies continue to suggest that additional factors may play a role in police decision making during police-citizen encounters. The results of this study confirm prior studies which suggested citizen demeanor [disrespect] toward police greatly increases the probability of arrest. According to Regoeczi and Kent (2014), research â€Å"examines the influence of extra-legal factors† (p. 191); regarding police decisions

The Prince Essay - 1200 Words

â€Å"All the states, all the dominions, under whose authority men have lived in the past and live now have been and are either republics or principalities.† In Machiavelli’s, The Prince, timeless keys to a successful principality are examined. The keys are understanding human nature, respecting that nature, and reaffirming that successful leadership can exist in the same fashion yesterday, today, and tomorrow. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Machiavelli’s perspective of human nature is founded on the principle that people in general don’t want their culture changed by an outside influence. Machiavelli demonstrates in the book that the nature of people is to defend who they are. When â€Å"the prince† attempts to change their culture in†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Only through an understanding of the nature of his subjects, having an ability to control his subjects, and possessing the means to defend his subjects can â€Å"the prince† truly find the universal key to open the door to upholding the ideals of practical leadership. When a prince understands the nature of the people it is easier for him to enter the land. Machiavelli writes of the Romans and how they developed their empire, â€Å"the Aetolians once brought the Romans into Greece; and in every other country they invaded, the Romans were brought in by the inhabitants.† Because the Romans understood human nature their movement into power was unchallenged. Once in power it is essential for the prince to be able to control the people. â€Å"I say that a prince must want to have a reputation for compassion rather than cruelty: none the less, he must be careful that he does not make bad use of compassion.† When Machiavelli wrote this he was outlining the key to controlling the people. The prince needs to be able to keep the people united, and loyal to him and at the same time ensure respect for the laws by instilling a fear for punishment. One of Machiavelli’s most used examples of a successful prince is Cesare Borgia. It is essential to be feared not hated and in the case of Borgia his minister Remirro de Orco punished law breakers in a cruel fashion that led to people hating Borgia. To create a feelingShow MoreRelatedThe Prince Of Machiavelli s Prince1186 Words   |  5 Pagesleader that wields his power the most like Niccolo Machiavelli’s Prince, from his book The Prince, that leader is President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation. Although, Putin does not hold the title of Prince, he has held influential positions throughout the years, i.e. Prime Minister and Acting President, that hold power similar to the Prince. Every position that Putin has held in Russia he has acted as if he were a Prince. Putin has held such all-consuming control and influence over RussiaRead MoreTotalitarianism In The Prince By Niccol Machiavellis The Prince934 Words   |  4 PagesIn our world, most societies support governments that work in a righteous way, but how can acting righteously be effective in a chaotic world full of crime and war?   In the novel The Prince by Niccolà ³ Machiavelli, a dystopian society is defined as an illusion of a perfect government which is maintai ned through corporate, bureaucratic, and totalitarian control. This illusion fades however, once one recognizes how these actions beneficially impact a society by uniting and protecting the country. ThroughoutRead More The prince Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli’s â€Å"The Prince† attempts to explain the necessary tactics and required knowledge a ruler must attain in order to gain and maintain a successful reign. The novel serves as an abstract manual, addressing the definition of a good/bad ruler by placing emphasis on the required military organization, the character a ruler must posses, and the success that could be attained if a ruler should follow the guide. The scope in which the book is written is that of a scholarly observant. MachiavelliRead MoreThe Prince, By Machiavelli1517 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Prince, Machiavelli doesn’t hesitate to recommend that a ruler employ conventionally immoral methods against his own subjects to m aintain authority over them, but he does imply that whatever a ruler does should ultimately benefit the community. A Prince’s actions may be cruel, manipulative, or otherwise immoral, but they put him in the position to govern. On occasion, Machiavelli even suggests that gaining power through immoral acts is the best way to improve a community because immoralityRead More Prince Hamlet Versus Machiavellis Prince Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesPrince Hamlet Versus Machiavellis Prince  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         The Prince is a celebrated and highly controversial piece of work by the Italian aristocrat Niccolo Machiavelli. His work is a summation of all the qualities a prince must have in order to remain in his position. Machiavelli supports the idea that a prince use his power for the ultimate benefit of all, but he also does not condemn the use of any unpleasant means in order for the prince to maintain his power. His ideas both compare and contrastRead More The Prince Essay1043 Words   |  5 Pages The Prince nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Governing countries and states properly has been a difficult task from the beginning of time. In every country there will be people to who are unhappy and will disagree with your rule, causing your system to fail. So, century after century, people have tried new ways to make their politics suffice everyone’s needs. However, the art of politics is a complicated and challenging issue that will always be needed to be dealt with. There have been many ways inRead MoreMachiavelli And The Apology Of The Prince1718 Words   |  7 Pages Machiavelli writes The Prince centuries after Plato documents Socrates in Crito and The Apology. Despite the different time periods, both Machiavelli and Socrates experience times of turmoil where the concept of democracy was questioned. However, the different time periods cause the views and purposes of Machiavelli’s writing to largely differ from Socrates. Machiavelli writes in a time of turmoil where Italy was a bunch of small, fragmented states and when the Medici’s struggled to regainRead MoreThe Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli885 Words   |  4 Pageslived. He was leader of the Catholic Church, controlled his own territory, and had more influence than any prince of any of the other city-states in Italy. Machiavelli was suspected of being an enemy of Medici and was thrown into prison until he was able to prove his innocence. These were the circumstances which inspired him to write The Prince. In The Prince by Niccolo Machiaveli, the prince in which it was so aptly named, securities were entirely dependent on his reputation among his citizens.Read MoreThe Prince Machiavelli Analysis1490 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout The Prince, Machiavelli advocates for the use of force to achieve the Prince’s goals. However, these acts are justified because they are done to benefit the state. Moreover, Machiavelli’s political philosophy repetitively stresses the fact that the Prince should not act in a way as to cause hatred. In this, constant cruelty is inappropriate and unjustifiable because it provokes contempt towards the ruler. In The Prince, Machiavelli discerns that good acts of cruelties â€Å"are carried outRead MoreNiccolo Machiavellis The Prince810 Words   |  3 Pages Niccolo Machiavelli’s most famous book, The Prince, contains the most valid information for a prince, a president, and even a king, to keep hold of their own power. Machiavelli tells about the importance and power of political action, his opinions, and most of all philosophy at it’s finest. Throughout the twenty-six chapters of this book he describes the bold, brave, practical, and powerful prince and how the prince’s life should be lived. Machiavelli’s view of human nature is used as justification

Macbeth and Oedipus Essay Example For Students

Macbeth and Oedipus Essay Macbeth visualized himself as a forceful, powerful ruler who begins the trilogy in absolute control of the situation. As the story progresses, however, Macbeths power and pride are broken down because he made it his destiny. As for Oedipus, he was a pitiful man who has been crushed by the avenging gods and fate. He seems to be a wiser, soberer man, rising majestically above his misfortunes. When Oedipus the king begins, Oedipus exhibits wisdom, love for his children and his subjects, and a reputation for high moral standards. He has a passion for truth, and shows ourage in the face of disaster or conflict. These same noble qualities, however, also lead to his inevitable tragic downfall. His wisdom becomes self-righteousness, and he refuses to see that he s married his own mother. Macbeth, with a distinct character than Oedipus, possessed his impure wisdom from Lady Macbeth. He had no love for his friends and his reputation as thane was degrading. Much like Oedipus, his character lead to his inevitable tragic downfall. The one trait of Oedipus that doesn t change in the course of the play is his strength and courage in the face of disaster. As the net of guilt tightens on him with each revelation about the truth, Oedipus grew stubborn in finding closure to the prophecy. When Macbeth found out about his prophecy, he deliberately seek his position as thane in an immoral way. Every step Oedipus takes to solve the mystery of Laios murder brings him closer to self-exposure, yet he never hesitates to pursue that truth. When the last piece of the puzzle falls into place, Oedipus the detective has become Oedipus the criminal. But his courage and strength help him endure the pain and suffering that come with knowledge of hat he has done. Oedipus search for the truth leads him to the discovery that he isn t a child of Luck, but a man of misfortune. His fate was determined years before his birth, as proven by the prophecy of the oracles. All he can do is live out his destiny, but he does this with such dignity and heroism that he shows there is nobility even in suffering and despair. Oedipus can be assume as a notable man for blinding himself and Macbeth was known as a taint villain. Oedipus has shown what it means to endure in the face of certain defeat. He has shown what it takes to survive in world that is ruled by unpredictable fate. He has shown the true meaning of suffering and despair. He earns my respect and sympathy when he chooses to live rather than die, and make his life an example to others of how guilt and pride may lead to self knowledge. Macbeth messed with his own destiny by holding an untrue position as thane. The impression he left was a cynical man with no dignity as a human. His tragic death was cause by his eager schemes and redundant murder scenes. His death was inevitable and if the story wasn t going to end his life with tragedy, I would have wish them to do so.

Economic Crisis On HRM Practices In Organizations Of Tesco PLC - UK

Question: Critically assess the impact of the 2008 global financial and economic crisis on HRM practices in organizations. The assignment question reflects some core themes addressed during the ABP HRM module. The aim of the assignment is to encourage students to combine theoretical and practical aspects of HRM by referring to organization case study examples when assessing the core themes in the HRM academic literature. In particular, students are expected to engage in critical analysis of relevant HRM academic literature, from sources recommended below, in the module outline, at the end of lecture slides, or sources derived from their own wider reading. It is not enough to rely on lecture notes or non-academic internet sources. Students that can show evidence of critical thinking and engagement with academic literature, and illustrate this with practical real world examples, are more likely to achieve favourable grades.In 2008, the most serious financial and economic crisis to hit the global economy since the Great Depression began in the US and spread rapidly to Europe. Many economies are still experi encing negative or declining growth rates and economic restructuring, as well as unemployment and austerity (ILO, 2014). While various studies have explored the impact of financial and economic crisis at the macro and micro level - examining issues such as firm growth and survivability, financing, market investment, and organisational strategy - less attention has been given to the human resource management (HRM) and employment relations implications of the global economic downturn, how this has affected organisations, HR management in organisations, the employment conditions and living standards of workers, and so forth. Select a Case- one that you can access relevant HRM information about (for example, one you have worked for, an organisation familiar to family/friends, or that you have been able to find detailed information about in journal articles, books, newspapers, internet). In completing the assignment question, you are expected to address the following issues: 1. Broad political economy context: start by providing a general summary of the overall impact of the 2008 financial and economic crisis on HRM practices, jobs, work and employment in the country or countries where your chosen case organization operates; 2. Impact on strategy in your chosen case organization: then, assess the impact of the 2008 financial and economic crisis on the case organizations overall business strategy and then its overall HRM strategy. 3. Impact on HRM policies and practices: next, analyse the effects of the 2008 financial and economic crisis on the various specific components of HRM policy and practice in the case organization under the four main HR functions covered in the module: resourcing the organization, human resource development (HRD), employment relations, managing performance and reward. The list of HRM policies and practices that might be assessed under these four areas include: talent management, recruitment and selection, organizational culture , training and development, employee voice and participation rights, pay and reward, performance management and appraisal (these might have other labels). 4. Context: Another theme to be discussed in your assignment is how different organizational, sector/industry, country, and international contextual circumstances might influence and mediate the impact of the 2008 financial and economic crisis on your chosen case organization. 5. Finally, provide a conclusion summarizing your arguments, and, if appropriate, identify any practical recommendations relating to HRM practice. Answer: Introduction The global financial and economic crisis exhibited its first indication in the late 2007 and it made significant and dramatic impact on the economic stability and overall socio-economical environment of United Kingdom (Ren, 2011). So in order to avoid the financial losses and the efficiently maintain their business operations, the organizations were forced to cut their expenses to the lowest level possible. Thus, the business functions like Human Resource Management (HRM) also faced new challenges in the context of the ways in which it should prioritize their day to day activities taking into consideration the uncertainty that has been created by the economic environment. Thus on the basis of the above aspects, the report emphasizes upon analyzing the impact of 2008 global financial and economic crisis on the HRM practices of Tesco PLC which is British multinational general merchandiser and grocery retailer headquartered at Hretfordshire in England in UK (Tesco plc, 2010). The report in the initial section provides a broad political economy context, analyzes the impact of the crisis on the strategies of Tesco, provides an impact of crisis on the HRM policies and practices of Tesco and the ways in which Tesco emphasized upon mediating the impact of 2008 financial crisis. The final section of the report is the conclusion part that summarizes the findings and also provides recommendations for HRM practices during crisis situations. 1. Broad Political Economy Context Analyzing the impact of the 2008 global financial and economic crisis, it is observed that it made a significant impact on the UK economy. The businesses in UK struggled to stay afloat and the economy continued to move in the wrong direction irrespective of the governments effort to spur economic growth. By the end of the year 2009, the economy shrunk by 4.9% from the pre-recession level and in the 3rd quarter of 2009, the economy of UK experienced a negative growth of 0.2% in comparison to 0.6% fall that was experienced in the previous quarter (Bohrer, 2010). Moreover the crisis also led to large fall in the retail sales and the businesses that has already been hit by falling sales and profitability also faced problems in securing the support from the banks to continue their trading. This led to the closure of several well known brands where others either went of business or had to close their outlets and this led to significant rise in the level of unemployment. This can be illust rated with the help of figures like when the economy was hit by the crisis, the unemployment rate was 5.6% (1.6 million) and by the end of the year 2009, it rose to 8.5% (2.5 million) and by the end of the year 2011 almost 2.7 million were unemployed (Bosworth, 2008). Thus fall in the retail sales coupled with unemployment rise led to falling tax revenue for the government and this led to a significant fall in the GDP of UK i.e. fall of 1.5%. Moreover, the 2008 global financial and economic crisis also forced UK to make adjustments in its labor market which resulted in high levels of unemployment and falling level of wages. The demand for labor force declined and the business organizations like Tesco in order to reduce expenditures and save cash adopted flexible working practices like part time employment. Again with increasing unemployment level, the HRM practices were developed to reduce the salary levels and the average monthly wages experienced a decline by 6 to 8% (Cashfloat, 2015). The wage growth also slowed down and this was because the crisis constrained the bonuses the average decrease in the salary by the end of the year 2009 was 5%. Thus from the above discussions, it is inferred that the global financial and economic crisis significantly impact the entire world and UK was no exception. Almost all the sectors of the economy experienced a hit. This led to falling GDP, rising unemployment and difficulties on the part of the organizations to conduct trade as a result of which the organizations like Tesco made changes in their HRM practices and focused upon part time employment, reduced salary, low intake, less expenditure on training and development and practices like downsizing were also adopted. 2. Impact of 2008 Global Financial and Economic Crisis on Tescos Strategies Impact on Tescos Overall Business Strategy As a result of the 2008 global financial and economic crisis, Tesco PLC experienced a downfall in its sales and it was mainly due to the high level of unemployment and reduced purchasing power of the individuals. The sales growth of Tesco almost halved since it also lost customers to the competitors like Lidl and Ladi that are budget retailers. The main reason was that during the recession period, the customers became highly price sensitive and were eager to save than to sound. Thus by the end of the year 2008, the value of sales that Tesco generated through its UK store operations experienced a mere annual growth of 2% which was considered as the worst figure in the last 15 years (Vriesendorp and Gramatikov, 2011). Tescos declining sales was clear from the fact that it got 1 for every 8 spent on the High Street where it used to get 2 for every 8 spent on the High Street. Tesco also experienced a loss of around 22 million and this was because of the customers who switched to its budg et competitors like the Morrisons, Asda and Aldi. In response to the global financial and economic crisis and declining sales volume, Tesco emphasized upon adopting certain business strategies. The company realized the fact that due to the crisis, the customers have become high price sensitive and thus the company in order to attract the customers moving to budget retailers launched 400 cheaper and value products in order to present itself as a discounter brand in the retail market (Mail Online, 2008). The company in response to the price sensitivity aspects of the customers reduced the price of its in-house brands. The company also worked with its major suppliers in order to refine its product range and drive the volume with lower and stable prices. The company also started the price cuts campaign on its popular brands in order to tempt the shoppers back to the store. On the other hand the dropped its plan of opening new stores and also took the decision of closing around 43 existing stores in UK and these closures made a significant impact on the express format of the retailer. In addition, Tesco also emphasized upon maintaining tight control over its capital expenditure. Impact on the Overall HRM Strategy of Tesco Global financial and economic crisis made a cataclysmic effect on the HRM strategy of Tesco and it also affected the viability of the long prevalent employment models (Ordo nez de Pablos, 2015). The company as a result of the crisis emphasized upon relocating its transactional HR processes to the low cost countries and the company shifted the focus of the HRM strategy from delivering the routine transaction HR functions to a department that can take proactive actions in the context of aspects like efficiently managing the problem of recruitment, managing the teams and human capital in the process of downsizing by holding special meetings, motivating the employees, facilitating them with challenging assignments and opportunities, providing a detailed explanation of the importance of their existence in the jobs, initiating the change like low price campaigns by efficiently identifying the key people and identifying the achievers and rewarding them together with performing the tasks of stress management and return on recognition during the recession period. Moreover, during the period of crisis, the company made some specific alterations in its objectives like offering cheaper and valuable products to the customers, attracting the customers from the competitors and so the company mainly emphasized upon its HRM department to enter into a perfect alignment with the companys altered objectives arising due to the crisis management planning and implementation. Again, due to the closure of several stores, Tesco also practiced downsizing of its employees that facilitated it in reducing the human capital (Ordo nez de Pablos, 2015). However in this context, the HRM of the company emphasized upon making an optimum utilization of the existing talent and skills and the employs were made to feel valued that kept them motivated to perform better and dedicated towards the organization and this led the organization to recover efficiently from the crisis situation. 3. Impact of 2008 Global Financial and Economic Crisis on HRM Policies and Practices Due to the global financial and economic crisis that took place in the year 2008, it was observed that the HR departments of the organizations like Tesco Plc had to strive towards renewing their strategies. It was also observed that the before the period of crisis, the HR departments used to play the major role of ensuring the recruitment process, selection process, payments of salary and managing the training and motivation programs. However, with the development of the global financial and economic crisis led the HRM department to perform more active functions of the company (Valentine, 2009). The HRM department worked in close collaboration with the managers in the process of finding ways in which the labor expenses can be reduced and the HR managers were also asked to develop new and cost efficient training and motivation programs. The HR department also undertook the tasks of labor forecasting. Where before the crisis, the business used to estimate the employees to be hired on t he basis of the market situation and after crisis, the forecasting was practiced to gain an understanding of what is going on both outside and inside the company and this facilitated the company to remain prepared for future differing scenarios. Recruitment Before the crisis, the business organizations like Tesco had to experience some hard times in finding the required skilled, knowledgeable and experienced talent and thus the company maintained a rigorous and tough recruitment and selection process. So, for this reason the wages of the employees also used to grow on year to year basis. However due to crisis, severe downsizing took place in UK and in almost all the sectors and thus the people were forced to accept work whatever they could find so that they can secure their livelihoods. Thus there developed a shift in the balance of power from the employees to the employers. Thus Tesco enjoyed the favorable position to choose applicants from wide labor pool and it was also in a better control of salary level. Then also finding the right candidate was not an easy task and this was mainly due to the perception of the HR managers the laid off employees during the recession do not possess the required skills (DesJardine et al., 2010). Thus recruitment process of Tesco was kept rigorous and tough mainly because of the change in the policy that the company would recruit only the deserving candidate that can add value to company and in this case also bargained high on the salaries due to crisis. On the other hand emphasis was upon hiring the experienced individuals so that training and development expenses can be saved. Selection Due to high level of unemployment, the talent pool has increased and so it led to certain changes in the hiring policies and practices of Tesco. The company mainly emphasized upon recruiting and hiring the qualified specialists from the market (Yu et al., 2014). The recruitment process itself experienced a change like the company reduced the use of outside recruitment companies and thus it led to the fact that the company hardly recruited during the crisis. On the other hand Tesco in order to select the best talent also made cooperation with the universities to select the best performers and help them in their education but in this process also the candidates have to undergo several interview phases coupled with the psychological, language, aptitude and personality tests. The tests were performed to ensure that the candidate exactly match the company requirements. Thus it can be said that due to the crisis, the selection policy and the practice of Tesco became tougher, the company became more selective and they started demanding and selecting exactly what they needed. Talent Management The crisis forced to the development of the situation where the employees have to work more and earn less and have to face difficulties like the reduced benefits and bonuses. In this context, the HRM department of Tesco emphasized upon reducing and cutting down the bonus and benefits that were offered prior to crisis. The salary levels were also reduced, almost by 10% but tend to increase with increased workload. Moreover, Tesco was also aware of the fact that employees are aware of the situation i.e. they are in a situation where people are losing jobs and so if in this situation if Tesco can assure its employees of job security with reduced benefits, bonus and pay, the employees would be willing to work and the company did the same (Zagelmeyer and Gollan, 2012). However the company also emphasized upon offering some of the benefits like the parking lot, lunch benefits, small events and celebrating the birth day of the employees which made the employees feel that the company even during the crisis situation is taking care of them and this enhanced the level of motivation to perform better and remain committed because they knew that the things would change in the future after recession is over. Training and Development Tesco in response to the crisis, emphasized upon shifting from the utilizing the external training programs to internal programs conducted by the company itself and it mainly emphasized upon on the job training. It also eliminated the extra programs like the motivational training and only the basis level training was conducted so that they can learn the basic skills required to perform efficiently (Keeble-Ramsay and Armitage, 2015). However, Tesco in order to remain competitive emphasized upon the development of the capabilities of its employees. Thus the company mainly emphasized upon language skills training and retraining its employees for different specialties and leaders were facilitated with extensive training to enhance their marketing, selling and communication capabilities. Organizational culture Tesco in response to crisis that took place did not make many alternations in its organizational culture and it still used to value its employees. However, since the company was going through the crisis situation, it was clear that there were no room for faults and wastage and mistakes and thus the employees were closely supervised and decision were taken by the top leaders and the employees had to follow the instructions (Frank, 2012). Thus it can be said that the company emphasized upon adopting an effective mix of the role and people culture during the crisis situation. Employee Voice and Participation Due to the crisis situation, Tesco adopted an effective mix of the power and people culture and in this context where in some cases the employees feedback and responses were taken into consideration, their work were closely supervised to avoid mistakes and losses and most of the important decisions were taken by the top leaders. Their voice and participation within the organization was limited and they had top strictly follow the instruction. Pay, Reward, Performance Management and Appraisal The performance management and appraisal system of Tesco was not altered and it was conducted on yearly basis. The salaries were reduced and the benefits and bonuses were declined, however some basic benefits were provided to the employees (Razavi, 2009). Moreover the performance appraisal was conducted to provide and receive feedbacks on the performance of the employees and salary negotiation was declined from the appraisal process. 4. Context It was observed that while one hand Tesco was suffering global financial and economic crisis in the year 2008 by low level expenditure on the part of the customers, the company was also facing tough competition from the budget stores like Lidl and Aldi and this was mainly because of the fact that the customers have become highly price and were not willing to spend much on the high priced items (the Guardian, 2008). So with the frozen food specialists like Iceland, two discounters powered ahead of Tesco PLC in the UK grocery sector. The sale volume of Aldi increased by 20.7% and thus the company achieved a record share of the grocery market of 2.9% (The Independent, 2008). On the other hand the sale of Aldi increased by 12.8%, it moved well ahead of Tesco. Thus from the above discussions, it becomes clear that the economic circumstances in UK played to be a favorable factor for the discounters and the budget retailers since they proved to be appealing to the price sensitive customers. Conclusion and Recommendations Thus from the above discussions, it can be inferred that the global financial and economic crisis that took place in the year 2008 made a significant impact on almost all the business sectors across the globe and thus Tesco Plc also got affected due to high level of unemployment and reduced purchasing power of the customers. As a result of the losing business and declining sale volume, Tesco had to make certain significant changes in its business strategies like closing some of its stores and postponing its investment plans to reduce expenditure and save. It also made significant changes in its HRM strategies, policies and practices to reduce the expenditures. From the discussions it is observed that Tesco made its recruitment and selection tougher, avoided third party recruitment, made cooperation with the universities to select the best candidate, declined outside training and emphasized upon in house and basic training programs, bonus and benefits were reduced and effective mix of power and people culture was adopted. Recommendations The company during the recession period should try to refrain from downsizing practices. However in this context the company can motivate the employees by facilitating them with challenging tasks and targets and opportunities since it would motivate the employees to perform because of their urge to sustain their employment to lead their livelihood and it would also increase the performance and commitment of the employees. 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